17 Common Running injuries (Prevention & Treatment)

No one is immune to running sport injuries.

From first-time joggers to elite athletes, these common aches and pains can hit anyone.

In this article, we sprint through the most frequent running sport injuries you might encounter, helping you understand, prevent, and even overcome these hurdles.

Lace up your sneakers and let’s tackle runner’s knee, shin splints, and everything in between – because nothing should slow you down on your path to victory.

Knee injuries (runner’s knee, patellar tendinitis)

Runner’s knee, or patellar tendinitis, is an overuse injury that affects the patellar tendon, which connects the kneecap to the shinbone.

It’s commonly caused by excessive stress and impact from running on hard surfaces.

Symptoms may include pain in the front of the knee, especially during or after running, stiffness, and swelling.

To prevent this injury, ensure proper footwear, maintain a balanced and gradual training schedule, and incorporate strength training for the surrounding muscles.

Treatment Method:

Rest: Avoid activities that worsen the pain, especially running.
Ice: Apply to the affected area for 15-20 minutes several times a day to reduce inflammation.
Pain Relief: Use NSAIDs like ibuprofen or naproxen to alleviate pain and inflammation.

Ankle sprains

Ankle sprains occur when the ligaments that support the ankle joint are stretched or torn, usually from a sudden twisting motion during running or sports activities.

Symptoms may include pain, swelling, and difficulty walking or weight bearing.

To prevent an ankle sprain, practice ankle-strengthening exercises, wear supportive footwear, and properly warm up before participating in activities.

Treatment Method:

RICE method: Avoid aggravating activities; ice for 15-20 minutes several times a day, use a bandage for support, and keep elevated.
Pain Relief: Take over-the-counter painkillers like ibuprofen or acetaminophen for pain and inflammation.
Gentle Stretching: After initial pain and swelling reduce, perform recommended ankle exercises to stretch and strengthen.

Plantar fasciitis

Plantar fasciitis is the inflammation of the plantar fascia, a thick band of tissue that connects the heel to the toes on the bottom of the foot.

This injury is often caused by overuse, improper footwear, or tight calf muscles and can result in heel pain and stiffness.

Prevent plantar fasciitis by maintaining a healthy weight, wearing supportive shoes, and stretching the calves and feet regularly.

Treatment Method:

Rest: Avoid activities that worsen the pain, especially running.
Ice: Apply for 15-20 minutes several times a day to reduce inflammation.
Compression: Wear supportive shoes or use a compression bandage for support.
Elevation: Keep your foot elevated above heart level to reduce swelling.
Pain Relief: Use NSAIDs like ibuprofen or naproxen to alleviate pain and inflammation.

IT band syndrome

Iliotibial (IT) band syndrome is the inflammation and irritation of the IT band, a long band of connective tissue that runs from the hip to the knee.

It commonly occurs in runners and can cause pain on the outer thigh and knee.

To prevent IT band syndrome, incorporate flexibility and strength exercises for the hips and thighs into your training routine, and avoid running on uneven surfaces.

Treatment Method:

Rest: Avoid running and activities that exacerbate the pain.
Ice: Apply ice to the outer knee or hip for 15-20 minutes, several times daily, to reduce inflammation.
Stretching: Perform IT band and hip stretches to alleviate tightness.
Foam Rolling: Use a foam roller on the IT band to massage and release tension.
Strengthening: Focus on strengthening the hip and glute muscles to improve stability.
Pain Relief: Take over-the-counter pain relievers like ibuprofen to manage pain and reduce inflammation.
Physical Therapy: Consult a physical therapist for personalized exercises and treatment.

Stress fractures (shins, feet)

Stress fractures are tiny cracks in a bone that occur due to repetitive stress from activities like running.

Runners are particularly susceptible to stress fractures in the shins and feet. Symptoms can include localized pain, swelling, and tenderness.

Prevention can include proper footwear, gradually increasing training intensity, and incorporating cross-training activities to reduce impact on bones.

Treatment Method:

Rest: Avoid activities that worsen the pain, especially running.
Immobilization: Use a cast, boot, or crutches if recommended by your doctor to immobilize the area.
Pain Relief: Take NSAIDs like ibuprofen or naproxen to alleviate pain and reduce inflammation.
Physical Therapy: After pain subsides, a physical therapist can help you gradually return to activity with a supervised rehabilitation program.

Hamstring strains

Hamstring strains are injuries to the muscles in the back of the thigh that are responsible for bending the knee.

They can result from sudden, forceful movements or muscle imbalances. Symptoms may include pain, swelling, and difficulty walking or bending the knee.

To prevent hamstring strains, prioritize flexibility and strength training for your hamstrings, quadriceps, and hip muscles.

Treatment Method:

RICE method: Avoid aggravating activities; ice for 15-20 minutes several times a day, use a bandage for support, and keep elevated.
Gentle Stretching: After initial pain subsides, begin gentle hamstring stretches to improve flexibility.
Strengthening Exercises: Gradually introduce hamstring strengthening exercises as recommended by a healthcare professional.
Pain Relief: Take over-the-counter pain relievers like ibuprofen to manage discomfort.

Calf strains

A calf strain is the result of tearing or stretching the calf muscle fibers. This can occur from sudden movements or overuse during running.

Symptoms may include pain, swelling, and difficulty walking.

Prevent calf strains by gradually increasing training intensity, warming up properly, and incorporating strength training exercises for the calf muscles.

Treatment Method:

Rest: Avoid activities that worsen the pain.
Ice: Apply to the affected area for 15-20 minutes several times a day to reduce inflammation.
Compression: Wrap the calf with an elastic bandage for support and to reduce swelling.
Elevation: Keep the leg elevated above heart level to minimize swelling.
Pain Relief: Use NSAIDs like ibuprofen or naproxen to alleviate pain and reduce inflammation.

Runner’s toe (black toenail)

Runner’s toe, or black toenail, is caused by pressure or impact from running, resulting in a blood blister underneath the toenail.

The affected toenail might appear black or purple, and may eventually fall off.

To prevent runner’s toe, wear proper-fitting shoes with enough room in the toe box and keep toenails trimmed.

Treatment Method:

Leave It Alone: Let the black toenail fall off on its own; avoid forceful removal to prevent infection.
Pain Relief: Use over-the-counter pain relievers like ibuprofen or acetaminophen for discomfort.
Soak the Foot: Soak your foot in warm, soapy water several times a day to keep the area clean and reduce infection risk.

Quad strains

Quad strains occur when the quadriceps muscles, located at the front of the thigh, are overstretched or torn.

Symptoms can include pain, swelling, and muscle weakness.

To prevent quad strains, warm up properly before exercising, stretch regularly, and incorporate strength training exercises for the quadriceps and surrounding muscles.

Treatment Method:

Rest: Avoid activities that worsen the pain.
Ice: Apply for 15-20 minutes several times a day to reduce inflammation.
Compression: Wrap the quad with an elastic bandage for support and to reduce swelling.
Elevation: Keep the leg elevated above heart level to minimize swelling.
Pain Relief: Use NSAIDs like ibuprofen or naproxen to alleviate pain and inflammation.

Hip injuries (bursitis, strains)

Hip injuries such as bursitis and strains involve inflammation of the bursa or damage to the hip muscles and tendons.

Symptoms may include pain in the hip or groin area, stiffness, and difficulty moving the hip joint.

To prevent hip injuries, practice hip-strengthening exercises, ensure proper running form, and gradually increase training intensity.

Treatment Method:

Rest: Avoid activities that aggravate the pain.
Ice: Apply ice to the affected area for 15-20 minutes several times a day to reduce inflammation.
Compression: Use a compression bandage or sleeve to provide support and reduce swelling.
Elevation: Keep the leg elevated above heart level to help reduce swelling.
Over-the-Counter Pain Relief
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): Medications like ibuprofen or naproxen can help alleviate pain and reduce inflammation.

Dehydration

Dehydration occurs when the body loses more fluids than it takes in, which can lead to decreased performance and even more severe health complications.

Ensure proper hydration by drinking water before, during, and after exercise, as well as monitoring urine color for signs of dehydration.

Treatment Method:

Water: Drink before, during, and after your run to stay hydrated.
Sports Drinks: Use for extended runs to replenish electrolytes lost through sweat.
Hydration Tablets: Add to water for essential electrolytes.

Heat exhaustion/heat stroke

Heat exhaustion and heat stroke are serious heat-related illnesses that can occur when the body overheats due to exercise or high temperatures.

Symptoms may include heavy sweating, dizziness, nausea, and headache.

Avoid overheating by exercising in cooler parts of the day, wearing light-colored and loose-fitting clothing, and staying hydrated.

Treatment Method:

Move to a Cool Area: Get the person out of the heat and into a shaded or cool area.
Hydration: Encourage drinking plenty of fluids, like water or sports drinks.
Loosen Clothing: Remove unnecessary clothing to help the body cool down.
Cool Down: Apply cool, damp cloths to the skin, especially the forehead, neck, and armpits.
Monitor Vital Signs: Check the person’s pulse, blood pressure, and breathing.

Sunburn

Sunburn results from prolonged exposure to the sun’s ultraviolet (UV) rays, causing redness, pain, and skin damage.

Protect yourself from sunburn by applying a broad-spectrum sunscreen with at least SPF 30, wearing protective clothing and hats, and seeking shade when possible.

Treatment Method:

Get Out of the Sun: First and foremost, stay out of the sun to prevent further damage.
Cool the Skin: Take a cool (not cold) shower or bath to help lower your skin temperature. You can also apply a cool, damp cloth to the affected areas.
Moisturize: Apply a gentle, fragrance-free moisturizer to keep your skin hydrated. Aloe vera gel is particularly soothing and can help with healing.
Hydrate: Drink plenty of water to help your body recover from the dehydration caused by sun exposure.
Avoid Irritants: Skip harsh products or anything with alcohol that might dry out or irritate your skin further.
Pain Relief: Over-the-counter pain relievers like ibuprofen or aspirin can help reduce inflammation and discomfort. Be sure to follow the dosage instructions.

Blister formation

Blisters are small fluid-filled pockets that form due to friction, usually from improperly fitting footwear or moist skin.

To prevent blisters, ensure your shoes fit correctly, wear moisture-wicking socks, and apply an anti-chafing lubricant to problem areas.

Treatment Method:

Clean the Area: Gently wash with mild soap and water, then pat dry with a clean towel.
Avoid Popping: Keep the blister intact to protect the underlying tissue from infection.
Protect the Blister: Cover with a sterile, non-stick bandage or blister pad to cushion and reduce friction.

Groin strains

Groin strains occur when the inner thigh muscles are overstretched or torn, usually from sudden movements or muscle imbalances.

Symptoms may include pain, swelling, and difficulty walking or moving the leg.

Prevent groin strains by properly warming up, including flexibility and strength exercises for the groin and hip muscles in your training routine, and gradually progressing activity intensity.

Treatment Method:

Rest: Avoid activities that worsen the pain.
Ice: Apply for 15-20 minutes several times a day to reduce inflammation.
Compression: Wrap the groin with an elastic bandage for support and to reduce swelling.
Elevation: Keep the leg elevated above heart level to help reduce swelling.
Pain Relief: Use NSAIDs like ibuprofen or naproxen to alleviate pain and inflammation.

How to Treat Running Sport Injuries

For knee injuries and ankle sprains, follow the RICE method (rest, ice, compression, elevation) to reduce pain and swelling. Use over-the-counter anti-inflammatory medication if necessary, and consult a medical professional for a personalized rehabilitation plan, which may include physical therapy.
In cases of plantar fasciitis and IT band syndrome, start with rest, ice, and over-the-counter anti-inflammatory medications. Additionally, stretching and strengthening exercises targeting the affected areas may help. Consult a medical professional or physical therapist for guidance on appropriate exercises.
If experiencing stress fractures, treatment typically involves rest and avoiding weight-bearing activities until healed. Recovering under the guidance of a medical professional is crucial to ensure proper healing and reduce the risk of re-injury. In severe cases, immobilization or surgical intervention may be required.
For hamstring and calf strains, utilize the RICE method and take over-the-counter anti-inflammatory medications as needed. A medical professional may recommend specific exercises to restore strength and flexibility, depending on the severity of the injury.
Quickly address runner’s toe and blister formation by cleaning and protecting the area to prevent infection. Consult a medical professional if pain persists or if there are signs of infection.
Regarding quad strains and hip injuries, consult a medical professional for an accurate diagnosis. Treatment may include RICE, anti-inflammatory medications, specific exercises, or physical therapy to restore strength and flexibility.
For dehydration, heat exhaustion, and sunburn, prioritize rehydration, rest, and cooling measures such as cold compresses or cool showers. In severe cases, seek immediate medical attention. For sunburns, use over-the-counter remedies like aloe vera or hydrocortisone cream to soothe the skin. See a medical professional if any complications arise.

How to Prevent Running Sport Injuries

Running is an excellent form of exercise, but it can also lead to common injuries if not performed with care.

By following simple prevention tips, you can avoid these injuries and continue enjoying your daily runs.

Choose appropriate footwear that offers support, cushioning, and proper fit for your running style and foot shape. Replace worn-out shoes regularly.
Plan a balanced training program with gradual increases in mileage and intensity, rest days, and cross-training activities to avoid overuse injuries.
Incorporate flexibility and strength exercises targeting key muscle groups like hips, hamstrings, quadriceps, and calves to maintain proper biomechanics and prevent muscle imbalances.
Properly warm up and cool down before and after each run to prepare muscles and joints for exercise and aid recovery.
Run on varied and even surfaces like trails or grass to reduce repetitive stress on the same muscles and joints.
Maintain a healthy body weight to reduce strain on joints and tissues during running.
Stay hydrated and pay attention to weather conditions, taking necessary precautions during hot or cold temperatures.
Seek professional guidance for proper running form, gait analysis, and personalized training plans if needed.

FAQ

What are the symptoms of runner’s knee (patellar tendinitis) and how can it be prevented?

Symptoms of runner’s knee include pain in the front of the knee, stiffness, and swelling. To prevent this injury, ensure proper footwear, maintain a balanced and gradual training schedule, and incorporate strength training for the surrounding muscles.

How can ankle sprains be prevented in runners?

To prevent ankle sprains, practice ankle-strengthening exercises, wear supportive footwear, and properly warm up before participating in activities.

What causes plantar fasciitis and how can it be avoided?

Plantar fasciitis is caused by overuse, improper footwear, or tight calf muscles, resulting in heel pain and stiffness. Prevent it by maintaining a healthy weight, wearing supportive shoes, and stretching the calves and feet regularly.

How can runners prevent IT band syndrome?

To prevent IT band syndrome, incorporate flexibility and strength exercises for the hips and thighs into your training routine, and avoid running on uneven surfaces.